https://phys.org/news/2018-06-energy-microscopic-machines.html > "Scientists have relied on free energy to understand complex systems since the development of steam engines. This concept will continue to be just as fundamental as we engineer and design proteins and other single-molecule systems," noted NIST's David Ross, first author of a new paper on this work in Nature Physics. "But the measurements are much harder for those small systems—so approaches like the new one we describe will be of fundamental importance," he added. > By measuring changes in free energy as a system moves or alters its internal structure, scientists can predict certain aspects of how a living system will behave or how a machine will operate—without the impossible task of keeping track of the comings and goings of all the atoms and molecules that make up the system.